Joshua Haiar, South Dakota Searchlight

Downstream Missouri River states have worried for decades about receiving an insufficient flow of water from upstream dams.

Now they're worried their share of water could be further diminished by potential pipelines for dry Western states.

The concern is the basis of a dispute about the U.S. House version of the federal Water Resources Development Act. A provision in the bill would require approval from all governors in Missouri River states to study or construct a project that moves water from the river or its tributaries to a non-Missouri River state.

The bill has passed the House and awaits action in the Senate, where a Senate version of the legislation lacks the controversial provision.

MISSOURI CONGRESSMAN AND GROUP SUPPORT PROVISION

The House bill's definition of "Missouri River states" includes not only the seven states where the river flows -- Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas and Missouri -- but also Colorado, Minnesota and Wyoming, which have land within the river's 530,000-square-mile drainage basin.

A downstream lawmaker, U.S. Rep. Sam Graves, R-Missouri, sponsors the House bill. Supporters of the controversial provision include an organization in his state, the Coalition to Protect the Missouri River.

It should be noted Graves did not run for reelection so the provision could hinge on what happens in the lame-duck session of Congress after the Nov. 5 election.

Shane Kinne is the coalition's executive director. He said Missourians' concerns about water shortages are not hypothetical. For the last four years, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has limited water releases from upper Missouri River reservoirs, affecting commercial barge traffic downstream.

Kinne said Missouri River Basin states should collaborate "so we can manage the resource together and protect ourselves from Western states looking for water."

"If this isn't the proposal, let's bring some ideas to address this concern," he said.

JOINT OPPOSITION: DAKOTAS, MONTANA, WYOMING, COLORADO, UTAH

Kinne's view faces opposition in upstream states.

The governors of Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota -- where the Missouri River flows through a series of dams and reservoirs -- recently joined with governors in the Missouri River Basin states of Colorado and Wyoming on a letter opposing the House provision.

Also signing the letter was the governor of Utah, which is not part of the Missouri River Basin. Utah relies on the Colorado River for some of its water, and the state's Great Salt Lake Commission has mentioned the Missouri River as a potential source of imported water for the vanishing Great Salt Lake.

The governors' letter says the House provision would give each governor in the 10 Missouri River Basin states "absolute veto power" to stop other states from even "studying the feasibility of projects in a watershed that encompasses one-sixth of the continental United States."

When the House approved its bill by a vote of 415-9, U.S. Rep. Dusty Johnson, R-South Dakota, was among the nine votes against the legislation, along with representatives from states including North Dakota, Wyoming and Montana. Johnson said the Missouri River provision would hamstring the Army Corps of Engineers' management of dams and reservoirs.

"Why should the Corps need unanimous approval of the governors to study a project that provides water across state lines?" Johnson said in a statement to South Dakota Searchlight.

UPSTREAM OFFICIALS WORRY ABOUT IMPLICATIONS

Some South Dakota water officials also oppose the House provision.

Jay Gilbertson manages the East Dakota Water Development District, based in Brookings. He acknowledges the bill language would not impede several currently proposed Missouri River pipeline projects in South Dakota, because they would not transport water outside the Missouri River states mentioned in the bill. But he worries "it's the start of a process that's going to limit our ability to do things in the future."

Gilbertson said the provision's language requiring approval from all 10 governors is bad policy.

"You can't get 10 states to agree on anything," he said.

Darrell Raschke views it the same way. He serves on the boards of the Mid-Dakota Rural Water System and the Upper Missouri Water Association.

"One governor says no, you just shot the whole project down," Raschke said. "Why would you put that in law?"

PIPELINES KEEP COMING UP

Farmers and others in western Kansas have had discussions going back several years about tapping into the Missouri River for a canal that would send water to a western Kansas reservoir. In 2015, the Kansas Water Office and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers updated a 1982 study looking at diverting Missouri River water. A 360-mile canal from northeast Kansas to Utica Lake in western Kansas would cost between $5 billion to $19 billion to build, depending on the size of the aqueduct needed.

As debate continues about the sustainability of the Colorado River, politicians in western states frequently bring up the possibility of piping water from the Missouri or Mississippi rivers. The Waterways Journal highlighted in 2022 that talk of pumping the Mississippi River goes back decades. The Bureau of Reclamation in 2012 concluded such a project would cost $14 billion and take 30 years to complete. In 2021, the Arizona state legislature also urged Congress to fund a new study looking at a diversion from the Mississippi River to the Colorado River.

DTN Farm Business Editor Chris Clayton contributed to this report.

This story was originally produced by South Dakota Searchlight, which is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network that is supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity.

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